Possible Solutions to the Youth Violence Problem Essay

Possible Solutions to the Youth Violence Problem The birds are chirping, the sun is beaming down through the clouds, and you can hear the shrieks of excitement from the neighborhood park. Walking down the street, you envision raising your family on this picture-perfect street. As the vision becomes more and more detailed, however, the shot of a gun rings out from the distance. You duck behind a parked car, wondering where the bullet came from and why. Looking around, you are shocked to see a group of adolescents standing around another child, this one laying lifeless on the ground. As you rush over to help, the group scatters, and you notice all are wearing the same sign on their beanie hats. Looking down at the body, you see†¦show more content†¦However, this program seems to be more geared at recognizing whether or not a youth is a member of a gang, and only mentions â€Å"recognition of possible pre-gang behavior.† This does not seem to be very encouraging, as by the time parents and educators are looking into prevention it is already too late for the child. Another local program is the Family Place program, located at Texas AM University-Corpus Christi. The series of seminars discuss various issues ranging from divorce, sexuality, and homework, and also include ways to curb violence and aggressive behavior. This program is aimed towards parents, and provides an outside source to help enhance personal and physiological development within the community, striving to make the community a better place to live. Texas is a state that is known for its harsh punishment of criminals, especially towards those convicted of murder and the usage of the controversial subject, the death penalty. However, Texas has many programs that are intended for positive outcomes when dealing with minors and a life of crime. For instance, the Texas Youth Commission (TYC) â€Å"provides for the care, custody, rehabilitation, and reestablishment in society of Texas’ most chronically delinquent or serious juvenile offenders† (TYC). Judges from the 254 counties in the state of Texas send youth (ages 10 to 17 years) that commit felonies to aShow MoreRelatedSolutions For The Youth Violence1520 Words   |  7 PagesSolutions to Our Youth Violence Gang and youth violence has become a seemingly unfixable issue in countries around the globe. Zooming in on America, the U.S government has made efforts to keep gang violence under control through the try and failed method of mass imprisonment and also placing more policemen in affected neighborhoods to patrol the streets. Not only did the government help expand gang networks in prisons by using these tactics, but these â€Å"solutions† also made the youth living in harshRead MoreCauses Of Gang And Gang Violence1446 Words   |  6 PagesGang and gang violence has always been an ongoing problem within the country. Street gangs have evolved into some of the most notorious group associated with murders and killings that law enforcement agencies have encountered. Gang violence has become one of the most serious crime problem happening in the country that involves physical assaults, drive-by shootings, homicides, robberies, prostitutions, and home-invasion along with a long list of criminal activities. It had occurred and multipliedRead MoreProblems and Solutions to Violence in Schools Essay1239 Words   |  5 PagesViolence is a very important issue that is coming to the front in todays school systems. School violence is a `complex social policy problem and is considered very complicated and hard to define. My paper is on school violence and the methods in which the government and schools can provide support and/or programs to help stem the recent rash of incidents. These steps include: use of `less violent materials, peer mediation interventions, police presence and action, individualizing of the troublemaker(s)Read More effects of tv violence on children Essay719 Words   |  3 Pages Effects of Television Violence on Children In our society today, it is extremely important to pay attention to what influences children. One of the biggest influences America’s youth may have is the television. It is possible for children to be pulled into the television’s realistic world of violence with sometimes devastating results. The impact of television violence on youth behavior has been an issue for many years. Violent programs on television lead to negative behavior by children and teenagersRead MoreThe Relationship between Video Games and Youth Violence811 Words   |  3 Pagestheorized that violence in video games have contributed to violent outbreaks of behavior in real life. Violent video games have been a political issue since the early 1980s; however, people forget to look at how people of all ages spend their free time playing these games for entertainment. 97% of 12-17 year olds in the US played video games in 2008, thus fueling an $11.7 billion domestic video game industry. In 2008, 10 of the top 20 best-selling video games in the US contained violence. Video gamesRead MoreThe Vietnamese Youth Development Center1429 Words   |  6 Pagesstable. I never knew that a majority of Vietnamese American youth experienced gang-related violence, extreme poverty, numerous stereotypes, and even depression. I never knew how common all of these problems were within their community. In addition, their problems existed even within their own families through generational conflicts and cultural differences. These problems are real, and occur within real families, real communities. These problems are overlooked by almost everyone, and it saddened me thatRead MoreEssay on Media Influence on American Youth848 Words   |  4 PagesMedia Influence on American Youth The United States of America has endured many massacres throughout the countries existents leaving scars in Americans hearts that will never cease to exist. One of these scars was left on Americans during a massacre in Littleton, Colorado leaving fifteen people dead including two shooters and twenty one injured. Many Americans wonder who and why anyone would do such massacres, especially on their own country. Although social media, video games, and television canRead MoreSocial Aspects of American Children Being Born in Poverty Essay1520 Words   |  7 PagesGarbarino in his book Raising Children in a Socially Toxic Environment, concisely and appropriately describes the current state of children and youth in America. Garbarino suggests that children today are being brought up in a socially toxic environment where violence, divorce, racism, addiction, educational failure, poor physical health, and adult emotional problems are just a few of the toxic social forces converging on chil dren, robbing them of their innocence and dignity. Moreover, he argues, childrenRead MoreWe Must Raise A Red Flag The Size Of Vatican City Essay1448 Words   |  6 Pagesdirection of the gunshots we heard; it’s obvious we’re not exactly rookies to this kind of situation. The city and county of Denver has always had problems when it comes to gang violence, but only recently has this violence escalated to the immense issue it is today. I only just recently moved to Denver, and I can already tell that gangs are a major problem here-- that should raise a red flag the size of Vatican City. As an educated African American who has grown up in less-than nurturing environmentsRead MoreViolence Is An Everyday Act That We Have Seen In Society,1588 Words   |  7 PagesViolence is an everyday act that we have seen in society, and in result has become a problem. Gang violence, on the other hand, has been a social problem of violence for decades in the United States. In particula r, it has been a serious problem in California that is has been known to be the â€Å"gang capital† in the United States, and a problem in a local scale. According to â€Å"FBI.org† , there are over 33,000 violent street gangs, motorcycle gangs, and prison gangs(FBI, 2015). Consequently, this brings

Essay on Breaking Down the Barriers to Feminist Art Work

Breaking Down the Barriers to Feminist Art Work Every time a girl reads a womanless history she learns she is worth less. While studying art history in Pre-Industrial Visual Cultures this semester, one theme has become painfully obvious. There are few if any women artists included in the study of art history. If you dig deep into the books you can find mention of many unknown, unrecognized and often times very talented women artists from the past. Women in history are simply not recognized, and this is due to a large extent to their exclusion from the art world. My paper chooses to focus on a few female artists of the sixties and seventies who sought to make up for past history and ensure women were known. These women†¦show more content†¦Her most famous piece is entitled à ¬The Dinner Partyà ® and in this she sets a large table with 39 place settings for women from the past. Along with this there are hundreds of other names and these include past women artists including Artemisia Gentileschi and Mary Cassatt. The purpose of this piece was to show how many women from history are unrec ognized and forgotten. These women have made lasting and powerful contributions to our society and yet they are essentially left out of history and overshadowed by their male counterparts. This was especially true in art history, and Chicago attempted to show how important it was that females have a place in history. Therefore the exclusion of women from history, had a profound impact on Chicago and greatly impacted her art making. The Dinner Partyà ® utilizes female sexual imagery to further establish a female presence in the work. The plates for à ¬The Dinner Partyà ® clearly depict vaginal imagery. Chicago termed this imagery central core imagery and she attempted to invent a new female language. Chicago in an interview with Lucy Lippard says that, à ¬if women make art differently from men, it means that women are actually independent from menà ® (Lippard, 228). Her work was trying to eradicate the negative stereotypes people had about females and establish the importance of women both in the past and present. This work sought to repair some of the damage suffered from the exclusionShow MoreRelatedThe Artist Is Present : Challenging Performance And Cultural Politics1506 Words   |  7 PagesAmbramović’s concept of performance art interrogates the traditional forms and practices of what most people would consider to be the â€Å"norm†, that derive from personal preferences gene rated from different aspects of society. Abramović is known for her durational performance work that tests the endurance and limitations of her own body and mind. Performance art may be understood as a practice where the body of the artist is central or the medium itself involving objected based art materials such as paint andRead MoreThe Evolution of Gender Roles and its Role in Society1505 Words   |  7 PagesTheogony (The Birth of the Gods) played a tremendous role in the status of man and woman (Mason). In Theogony (The Birth of the Gods), Prometheus lives in a world of only men where life was great. There was no work and all leisure. Prometheus makes the Gods mad and is punished by Zeus by sending down Pandora (a woman). Pandora opens a forbidden jar and releases â€Å"grim cares upon mankind† (Mason). The story presented the idea that women essentially ruined everything. This reflects upon the ideals of GreekRead MoreWomen As An Adult Female Person868 Words   |à ‚  4 Pagesunwilling), their musical accomplishments presumably made them more marriageable.† Moreover, musical talent now made women increasingly marriageable, families were encouraged to pay for lessons, or, if musically talented themselves, teach their children the art form. Women’s participation in the theater increased which transformed the experience itself. As an audience, women were hounded by critics who accused them of being unenthusiastic, and hesitant to clap. Block’s theory is that â€Å"women were behavingRead Morecritical evaluation essay764 Words   |  4 Pages English 102 Effectiveness in Writing September 18, 2014 Critical Evaluation Essay â€Å"Now We Can Begin† an essay by Crystal Eastman is a very powerful essay. Eastman makes the point know in her essay that an honest and true feminist no matter where she stands in the movement she will see to the woman’s fight with strength and courage and how it   matters in the future and as well as its difference in its approach for the workers fight for industrial freedom. Eastman state â€Å"In fighting for the rightRead MoreWomens Movement Impact1449 Words   |  6 Pagessocially accepted than ever before. Tavaana, an organization that discusses women’s rights states, â€Å"...the nation simply had to accept the idea of women in the workforce†. People had to accept that women were finally gaining rights and were able to work in the same occupations as men. These changes helped The Women’s Right’s Movement, The Women’s Suffrage Movement, and women themselves to excel further, which was one of the main goals of both of t he movement from the beginning. In the opinion ofRead MoreGender Inequality1640 Words   |  7 Pagesgrievances of women. Feminists have fought against the ingrained tradition of women as housewives with no rights and being looked down upon as the lesser sex. The women’s rights movement in the United States has worked tirelessly since 1848 to fight for rights and break down gender barriers. Misogyny and gender constructs, such as the ideal of beauty, hold women back in various aspects of their lives as discussed in the articles â€Å"Marked Women† by Deborah Tannen and â€Å"A Woman’s Beauty: Put Down or Power Source†Read MoreThe Reality Between Femininity And Masculinity Essay1910 Words   |  8 Pagesexamining how women mimic an image of womanliness, but that in its own turns into a masquerade – a performance to conceal one’s real self. Furthermore, this essay examines Judith Butler’s 1990 text Gender Trouble, in which she discusses how existing feminist moveme nts are confined by how they define gender. Butler also argues that this definition is ‘outdated’ and is a reflection of how the world still treats gender as a set of static, ‘binary’ categories, i.e. when a child is born, they are placed intoRead MoreWhy Alam Attends An Art Gallery Essay1866 Words   |  8 PagesThis sense of gratitude for one’s own works is also demonstrated multiple times within text, but one of my favorite instances is the scene where Alam attends an art gallery showcase and chooses the cheapest piece of art work that featured a black woman in it. This, in his mind, is achieving the goal of representing femininity, beauty, and blackness within his household. He truly feels satisfactory, and even proud of himself, of this act when in all reality the image has no significance to the messageRead MoreFeminism : A Patriarchal Society2654 Words   |  11 Pagesthough, women are mostly equalitarian in which they want to work against t he power structures and have equal rights or gender equality within a society like most men have. Most women are forced to live within a patriarchal society, where men have control and power over many structures like jobs. Through this power, women are seeking to break down some of these barriers and work together with men in societies today to create balance in the work force and many industries today. Feminism can have manyRead MoreWhy Men Are More Talented At Design Than Women1484 Words   |  6 Pagesfashion press in recent years, the roll call is almost exclusively male: Zac Posen, Marc Jacobs, Narciso Rodriguez and Mr. Som as well as Jack McCollough and Lazaro Hernandez of Proenza Schouler. Their female contemporaries have had a harder time breaking through, among them Behnaz Sarafpour, Alice Roi and Ms. Subkoff. Gay men stick together like a band of brothers, Ms. Subkoff said in an interview. It s more common for a man to bring up a younger assistant who is male and be proud of that,

Enrollment System Essay Sample free essay sample

This undertaking looks at an Registration System for a high school. It shops inside informations of pupils. twelvemonth. and subdivision. It may besides be use as local appraisal of the Le Athenaeum Montessori of Bulacan for their fees. The registration is designed for usage by staff and other authorized user in the high school office to enable them to easy bring forth information required by the different people in the high school. We gathered information in that peculiar school the Le Athenaeum Montessori like. how the payment processed. they offered price reduction for pupil who is holding gold. Ag. and bronzy medallist. they besides give price reduction in sibling and early enrollees. This school have two types of payment the Cash manner and Monthly manner. The tuition fee for hard currency manner is smaller than monthly manner because of 5 % per centum of surcharge. To inscribe your kid. cousin. brother. sister in hard currency manner you need to pay the tuition fee at one clip to inscribe his/her for a whole school twelvemonth. We will write a custom essay sample on Enrollment System Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page how about in Monthly manner? Every month you’ll wage for the needed payment. This school gathered besides personal information to those pupil who want to inscribe in their establishment. We want to hold this school to hold a fast and clip efficient in computerized registration process unlike in manual registration process we encounter Common mistakes. * Training jobs – the jobs associated with preparation and reding people to be disciplined plenty to keep the care system. i. e. to compose the information into the system * Report acquisition jobs – the attempt associated with happening meaningful informations and statistics in the system. * Registers and logs with good design are hard. * Summarizing informations and composing studies take batch of clip.* cost- clip is money and employees* informations duplicate: the same information gets repeated over and over since the workers find it difficult to maintain path of the paperss. information and minutess * deficiency of security: 0since informations is stored in registering cabinets it is freely available to anyone if information falls into the incorrect custodies it can be used against the school * common mistakes: when come ining informations clients might hold by chance switched inside informations and informations since it is manus written. * incompatibility of informations: there will be an unavailabilty for future usage. since information might acquire misplaced during manual filing. so data won’t be preserved decently for future usage. * repeat of work: if there are any alterations to be made. the information will hold to be entered once more. at times the worker would bury to do the alterations or bury that they had already altered it and might remake it once more. its once more clip devouring. * excessively much paper work: since everything and every inside informations is written down manually in paper there will be excessively much paper work! * infinite consuming: since the informations and paper is stored in registering cabinets it consumes excessively much topographic point. as the sum of work done on paper increases the filing cabinets excessively additions.

Management gurus and the fashions Essay Example

Management gurus and the fashions Essay This essay critically explores the fact that management gurus and the fashions they have created and promoted have gained such popularity. And the source derives from the several ways in which they appeal to their followers. It begins by explaining what management gurus are and outlines several ones who have revolutionized individuals and organisations. It then reviews the strong character themes and creations that these management gurus have fostered to implement to their followers. This includes religious imagery and social creations. The essay endorses such techniques used to attract and maintain followers as well as seeking to stress a number of potential limitations with them. However, the overall success of the management gurus can highlight that to some extent, that their techniques can be valid. Management gurus are portrayed as prominent speakers in society. They play the role of consultants to managers in organisations. For instance, Huzynski suggests that management gurus and consultants ensure that management ideas are constantly upgraded or preplaced through what describes as a process of planned obsolescence (Huczynski, 1993). This is known as Reengineering. Managers always turn to management gurus when they need innovative ideas to enhance their management strategies leading to maximum profits. Huzynski (1993) states that reengineering is: the fundamental rethinking and radical design of business processes to achieve dramatic improvements in critical measures of performance, such as cost, quality, service and speed. We will write a custom essay sample on Management gurus and the fashions specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Management gurus and the fashions specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Management gurus and the fashions specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The management gurus perspective of reengineering is repackaging the same management strategies previously given and then sells it to these managers like their brand new. Drawing in particular on the work of Hammer (1999), he points out that he has created another form of reengineering after the new popularity of the internet. He argues that, by linking companies together, internet technologies can create saving and improve productivity by coordinating efforts across corporate boundaries in a process which he dubs intercorporate engineering. Reengineering has done the world good because it has enabled executives to see through the surface structure of their organisations and to home in on their fundamental purpose; delivering value to customers in a way that creates profits for shareholders (Hammer and Stanton, 1999). It can be argued that these management gurus are actors. Thus they claim they have created brand new ideas but behind the scenes these are only repackaged, having only regurgitated the past successful management strategies. This critique suggests hidden agendas in the services the management gurus give to managers as customers. In contrast, this clashes with Hammer and Champy (1993) who have found that: BPR is about beginning again with a clean sheet of paper. It is about rejecting the conventional wisdom and received assumptions of the past. Paradoxically, the management gurus are not BPR (Business Process Reengineering) correctly as it refers to completely starting afresh with a brand new idea and going back to the drawing board. Moreover, perhaps by repacking these ideas on instead of giving radically different ones will keep the management gurus in business since these ideas start to become somewhat of a clichi. As a result, these ideas depreciate and eventually lose their value. This is as revealed by Hammer and Stanton (1996, p. 32) who state: A lot of people embark on reengineering but dont go anywhere because of a failures of intellect or courage. While this may also suggest management gurus fear to experiment with new management strategies, repackaging these successful past ideas do spawn them visits from the managers creating more profits. For instance, Business Process Reengineering and Total Quality Management is the most widely recognized, if not practiced, organizational improvement initiative (Burdett, 1994). Furthermore, this explains why gurus are reluctant to using any alternative method that devises management strategies apart from business process reengineering, as there is a risk of creating an unsuccessful one. This would ruin their reputation as experts and thus jeopardise their popularity. Thus, reengineering can be a last resort for management gurus as they can be assured a successful idea to sell on to their customers.

Aging in America Adult Caregiving Conflict essay part 3Essay Writing Service

Aging in America Adult Caregiving Conflict essay part 3Essay Writing Service Aging in America: Adult Caregiving Conflict essay part 3 Aging in America: Adult Caregiving Conflict essay part 3Aging in America: Adult Caregiving Conflict essay   part 2Life after caregivingCaregiving provided to the elderly people factually comes to an end with their death. As it argued by multiple experts, in this case, human response to bereavement is characterized by the particularly multidimensional range of feelings, thoughts and behavior, while the most strong of them are grief and sadness (Holstein et al., 2010; Bialon Coke, 2012; Brannen Petite, 2008; Lai, 2010). Other reactions may include yearning and longing for the deceased, shock, hallucinations, anger, guilt, depression, health problems, irritability, mixed with feelings of relief and hope, as well as a sense of meaninglessness of existence. The latter is associated by psychologists with the facts that with the loss of a loved one, a grieving person often feels the loss of one’s own Self (Bialon Coke, 2012). Previously making sense of their lives in caring for elderly husband or parents, caregivers now lose the object of care, i.e. their raison dà ªtre, since all of their interests have for long years been focused on that person only. According to Brannen and Petite (2008) study, this problem is more often faced by women than men.The experience of bereavement generally leads to the deterioration of physical and mental health. Thus, for instance, studies confirmed the existence of the increased risk of mortality among the surviving elderly members of the couple as compared to people of the same age still having their spouses to care about. According to The National Alliance for Caregiving (2009), the highest relative risk of mortality among the elderly people accounts for the period from 7 to 12 months after the death of a spouse. Morbidity rates are largely associated with psychiatric disorders in the elderly, particularly depression and various anxiety states. It is well validated in that the grieving patients often turn to their physi cians with vague somatic complaints without obvious features of any disease, and the duration of these symptoms manifestation can range from 1 to 3 years. Studies have shown that in 30% of widowed elderly people, depressive symptoms start manifesting in a month after spouse’s death, in 25% in 2-7 months, and in 15% in 13 months after the loss (The National Alliance for Caregiving, 2009). The observations over bereavement experiences complications in older life have also found increase in the rate of alcohol, tobacco and sedatives addiction, as well as an increase in the level of anxiety and suicidal inclinations.On a whole, grieving after the loss of a care recipient has sufficiently well-defined stages (shock, negation, adoption of a loss, living through pain, relief, and soft repeat all steps), passing through which a caregiver learns to control one’s grief and preserve mental health. Awareness about these stages and progress reached helps caregivers identify possi ble fixedness on one of the stages, and then timely seek professional support if this happens.Resolving conflictsSocial and cultural norms including a bias against older people, tolerance of violence and gender inequality may enhance the magnitude of improper attitude to the elderly and conflicts arising in caregiving. Therefore, the major conflict-resolving policies should be aimed at raising awareness about the different contexts in which stress, misunderstanding, and maltreatment may occur, as well as about different forms they can take.First of all, positive social attitude towards the elderly can be encouraged though creating wide opportunities for meaningful communication between older adults and young people, for example, in the frameworks of various intergenerational programs, exchange with letters or email messages, visiting local nursing homes, participating in social events and games. For instance, Alt et al. (2011) propose the introduction of useful and community project s built on the idea of knowledge exchange between generations, such as gardening in exchange for training in using Internet. Such intergenerational programs aimed at developing respect for the elderly people can start at school. Other effective measures also include targeted public awareness campaigns, describing specific situations and illustrating the implementation of appropriate methods of caregiving. Medical centers preparing caregivers for their role should be accessible nationwide. In their turn, media campaigns should include the use of well-organized means of communicating social advertisement messages billboards with posters, leaflets, publications, websites, stories on television and radio, festivals and other similar events taking place regularly. As a result, every citizen should be aware of one’s duties and rights, be able to perform caregiving tasks, recognize maltreatment, be familiar with conflict resolution models, and know where to go for support if necess ary.In particular, one of the main tasks is the necessity to teach caregivers deal with their stress and frustration, as well as be able to reduce the signs of depression and anxiety states in their elderly care recipients. The most widespread relief methods include art, music and scent therapy (Bialon Coke, 2012). Besides, basing on Brannen and Petite (2008), UNESC, 2012;   Brank and Wylie (2014), the most helpful anti-stress approaches are 1) recognizing that the care recipient is not guilty for the position he/she is found in; 2) living for today; 3) finding out as much as possible about the diseases of the elderly person; 4) reorganizing schedule to leave some free time for oneself; 5) recognizing that there is always someone who finds oneself in worse conditions; 6)being one step ahead of the situation by rational planning; 7) seeking professional help in service providers; and 8) regularly discussing problems with those to trust. Stress, however, is not the only factor that can bring the caregiver to radical conflict manifestations. Most often there is a combination of several factors, including problems with mental or physical health, and emotional distress. Attributing conflict mistreatment by caregivers to stress factor only, factually means creating unjustified prejudice against the needs of the person, and not to protect the person or service itself. Thus, policymakers should adopt an integrated approach that would consider broader contexts of the culture of prejudice against the elderly, long-term domestic violence, family, gender, and intergenerational conflicts.For instance, a meta-analysis by Bialon and Coke (2012) has shown that psychosocial interventions into the caregiving process, like short periods of the recipient’s hospitalization, enable a caregiving adult relax and solve one’s own health issues, as well as significant psychological problems inside family, work relations, and Self. While, according to their report, group psychosocial interventions provide a small positive effect, the survey concluded that individual interventions yield significant positive shifts, especially in conflicts caregivers face after the loss of the objects of care. Still, this is a difficult area for study, involving sensitive data, but several recent researches are promising, though they do not provide distinct results.ConclusionCaregivers play a vital role in supporting elderly family members who experience needs for assistance, especially under conditions of the increasing population aging in the USA. Caregivers’ role involves a rage of moments that bring satisfaction from performing natural duties, but along with that, it sets high demands on them, sometimes making the level of stress and distress among caregivers rise to unprecedented marks. Current research in this field reveals a number of dependencies and tendencies observed among caregivers and care recipients, however, they often focus on one of sides of the problem. In particular, we reckon that further research should be directed at measuring more accurately the interdependencies between caregivers’ and care recipients’ stress levels. Until appropriate mechanisms are deeply studied, medical services have to deal with two patients, suffering from unresolved inner conflict, at a time. It is also necessary to concentrate further efforts on clearly describing the matrix of risk factors that cause conflicts in caregivers and specifying them in a model for conceptualizing reactions of people in this category. At the same time, the reviewed assessment tools that can be more widely used for a more accurate assessment of ways for conflict resolutions in each particular situation. Conflict and maltreatment prevention campaigns are another promising research topic, but further research is needed regarding the practical results of actions undertaken.

Biography of Humphry Davy, Prominent English Chemist

Biography of Humphry Davy, Prominent English Chemist Sir Humphry Davy (December 17, 1778–May 29, 1829) was a British chemist and inventor who was best known for his contributions to the discoveries of chlorine, iodine, and many other chemical substances. He also invented the Davy lamp, a lighting device that greatly improved safety for coal miners, and the carbon arc, an early version of the electric light. Fast Facts: Sir Humphry Davy Known For: Scientific discoveries and inventionsBorn: December 17, 1778 in  Penzance,  Cornwall, EnglandParents: Robert Davy, Grace Millet DavyDied: May 29, 1829 in Geneva, SwitzerlandPublished Works: Researches, Chemical and Philosophical, Elements of Chemical PhilosophyAwards and Honors: Knight and baronetSpouse: Jane ApreeceNotable Quote: Nothing is so dangerous to the progress of the human mind than to assume that our views of science are ultimate, that there are no mysteries in nature, that our triumphs are complete and that there are no new worlds to conquer. Early Life Humphry Davy was born on December 17, 1778, in  Penzance,  Cornwall, England. He was the eldest of five children of parents who owned a small, less-than-prosperous farm. His father Robert Davy was also a woodcarver. Young Davy was educated locally and was described as an exuberant, affectionate, popular boy, intelligent and having a lively imagination. He was fond of writing poems, sketching, making fireworks, fishing, shooting, and collecting minerals; he was said to wander with one of his pockets filled with fishing tackle and the other overflowing with mineral specimens. His father died in 1794, leaving his wife, Grace Millet Davy, and the rest of the family heavily in debt because of his failed mining investments. The death of his father changed Davy’s life, making him determined to help his mother by quickly making something of himself.  Davy was apprenticed to a surgeon and apothecary a year later, and he hoped eventually to qualify for a medical career, but he also educated himself in other subjects, including theology, philosophy, languages, and the sciences, including chemistry. About this time he also met Gregory Watt, son of the famous Scottish inventor James Watt, and Davies Gilbert, who allowed Davy to use a library and chemical laboratory. Davy began his own experiments, mainly with gases. Early Career Davy began preparing (and inhaling) nitrous oxide, known as laughing gas, and carried out a series of experiments that almost killed him and may have damaged his long-term health. He recommended that the gas be used as anesthesia for surgical procedures, though it was half a century later before nitrous oxide would be used to save lives. An article Davy wrote on heat and light impressed Dr. Thomas Beddoes, an eminent English physician and scientific writer who had founded the Pneumatic Institution in Bristol, where he experimented with the use of gases in medical treatment. Davy joined Beddoes institution in 1798, and at age 19 he became its chemical superintendent. While there he explored oxides, nitrogen, and ammonia. He published his findings in the 1800 book Researches, Chemical and Philosophical, which attracted recognition in the field. In 1801, Davy was appointed to the Royal Institution in London, first as a lecturer and then as a professor of chemistry. His lectures became so popular that admirers would line up for blocks to attend them. He had earned a professorship five years after reading his first chemistry book. Later Career Davy’s attention turned to electrochemistry, which became possible in 1800 with Alessandro Voltas invention of the voltaic pile, the first electric battery. He concluded that the production of electricity in simple  electrolytic cells  resulted from chemical action between substances of opposite charges. He reasoned that  electrolysis, or the interaction of electric currents with chemical compounds, offered a way to decompose substances to their elements for further study. In addition to using electrical power to conduct experiments and isolate elements, Davy invented the carbon arc, an early version of the electric light that produced light in the arc between two carbon rods. It didnt become economically practical until the cost of producing the power supply became reasonable years later. His work led to discoveries regarding sodium and potassium and the discovery of boron. He also figured out why chlorine serves as a bleaching agent. Davy did research for the Society for Preventing Accidents in Coal Mines, leading to his 1815 invention of a lamp that was safe to use in mines. Named the Davy lamp in his honor, it consisted of a wick lamp whose flame was enclosed by a mesh screen. The screen allowed for the mining of deep coal seams despite the presence of methane and other flammable gases by dissipating the flames heat and inhibiting ignition of  the gases. Later Life and Death Davy was knighted in 1812 and was made a baronet in 1818 for contributions to his country and to mankind; especially the Davy lamp. In between, he married rich widow and socialite Jane Apreece. He became president of the Royal Society of London in 1820 and was a founding Fellow of the Zoological Society of London in 1826. Beginning in 1827, his health began to decline. Davy died at Geneva, Switzerland, on May 29, 1829, at age 50. Legacy In Davys honor, the Royal Society has awarded the Davy Medal annually since 1877 â€Å"for an outstandingly important recent discovery in any branch of chemistry.† Davys work served as a guide and inspiration encouraging many to study chemistry, physics and other fields of science, including Michael Faraday, his lab assistant. Faraday became famous in his own right for his contributions to the study of electromagnetism and electrochemistry. It has been said that Faraday was Davys greatest discovery. He also was known as one of the greatest exponents of the  scientific method, a mathematical and experimental technique employed in the  sciences, specifically in the construction and testing of a  scientific hypothesis. Sources Sir Humphrey Davy: British Chemist. Encyclopedia Britannica.Sir Humphry Davy Biography. Enotes.com.Humphry Davy Biography. Biography.com.Humphry Davy. Sciencehistory.org.Humphry Davy. Famousscientists.org.

International Perspectives in Employment - Individual Business Report Essay

International Perspectives in Employment - Individual Business Report - Essay Example The next step will be to devise a packaging that is made from recycled products. This will not only reduce costs but will also be a good strategy to attract customers from the Corporate Social Responsibility Perspective. The next step will be a challenge for the marketing department. Their marketing strategies especially advertising will have to take a 360 turn and promote products as healthy, environmentally friendly and low in cost. 2 Findings 3 Conclusion 5 Recommendations 5 Following are the recommendations for the company after this evaluation: 5 Bibliography 6 Terms of Reference Introduction In order to conduct an evaluation for Nature Foods about how it should react to the changing business environment, it is extremely vital to take care of a few important points that will help in changing the way it operates. The evaluation is intended for the internal usage of the company, as an analysis of its position that is declining because of the global economic downturn as well as env ironmental concerns for customers that have become strong enough to make them switch brands. The recommended changes will help Nature Foods to adopt new strategies that will help them increase their sales as well as customer satisfaction. Following the research that has been conducted by the relevant staff of Nature Foods, a plan needs to be developed for making the required strategic changes for the company. This process of evaluation will try to involve as many people from the organization as possible, so that a unanimous decision can be made regarding the changes, and so that relevant people can be gathered who on one table can together decide what strategies are likely to be more effective. Procedure For attaining the objectives above, the procedure to be followed will long and will be implemented throughout the organization. First of all, the production department will be called for a meeting to help devise modified products that are entirely focused on health. The formulas and ingredients of the products will be changed after discussions with the senior management as well as the operations department, in collaboration with relevant medical help such as nutritionists. The next step will be to devise a packaging that is made from recycled products. This will not only reduce costs but will also be a good strategy to attract customers from the Corporate Social Responsibility Perspective. The next step will be a challenge for the marketing department. Their marketing strategies especially advertising will have to take a 360 turn and promote products as healthy, environmentally friendly and low in cost. Findings Global Business involves more than just making money After all the research that had been conducted, available material on this subject indicates that Global business is not just about making money anymore according to Czinkota, Ronkainen, & Moffett (2008). It involves many other things such as complying to international standards, a sustainable busine ss that is concerned about the future and that provides lower prices to the consumers in this era where they have many choices and switching costs are low, especially for evyday products like FMCG’s, to which Nature Foods belongs. Moreover, it is very difficult to ensure brand loyalty from the customers who are very rational and highly aware of global and market trends as well as opportunities

Automotive component Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Automotive component - Assignment Example It is part of the wheels of the machine which offer a lot of advantages in the automobile ensemble, as well as within the auto industry in general. The wheels make the automobiles run, and the tires are the coverings of the wheels to make the ride pleasant. They protect the total ensemble from crumbling into pieces when they are used. What are tires ? Tires are parts of automobile that provides the coverings for wheels that is used for the general locomotion of the whole machine. They are black donut like forms generally made up of rubber and other complex materials. Tires make the automobiles steer, brake and corner easily along the road. The presence of tires makes the ride comfortable and safe. Tires must be durable and they make the automobiles last for long time. What are Tires Made of? Tires are products of engineering technology mostly made up of rubber. Rubber compounds come from polymers such as Natural Rubber, Isoprene Rubber, Styrene Butadiene and others. They are mixed wi th softeners, reinforcement materials and other various chemicals. Mostly, natural rubber coming from rubber trees are the preferred materials used to manufacture tires. Rubbers are the most suitable materials for tires because they have high tear strength, wear resistance, impact resilience, and low heat generation. In order for the rubbers to achieve such characteristics, they are subjected to heat and pretreated with various chemicals. The rubber materials are enhanced with substances such as waxes and antioxidants. These substances protect the rubber from aging and wearing caused by heat, ozone and deflection. Tires are structured with steel cords to provide reinforcement and strong body. These steel cords have high level of carbon content to assure that the tires would have superior tensile strength with high modulus of elasticity in the entire length. The total performance of tires depends upon the construction of these cords to assure that tires are durable and would last a l ong period of time (Tire Materials, n.d). What are the design parameters of tires? Tires look simple from the outside, but they are actually mixtures of various materials processed and designed through sophisticated equipment and facilities. They are intricately formed and manufactured so as to make them durable, flexible, and make them last long. There are many parameters in the design of tires to consider them as those having high quality. Tires are designed with tread, beads and sidewalls. Treads are the patterned and molded surfaces that come in contact with the road surface. The body and sidewalls gives the shape of the tire and the rubber covered beads embedded with metals and wires holds the wheel tires. The tread depth is the parameter that shows the wear and tear of the tire. It can be measured through the difference of the top of the rubber tread with the bottom of the deepest grooves of the tire. The tread wear percentage is calculated for the remaining usability of the e ntire tire. Tires have maximum load. The load of the tire is related to the overall size and diameter of the tire. Tires with higher loads are considered to have stronger internal construction. Tires are also marked with their allowable inflation pressure for the general safe operation for tires with specific load ratings. Every tire has an allowable recommended inflation pressure

Reaction Paper Essay Example for Free

Reaction Paper Essay Fifth Year Student. It was held at Lyceum of the Philippines University Batangas Campus I was excited for the seminar, because I know that I will learn a lot of things to enhance my knowledge as an Industrial Engineering student. The objective of the seminar is to know the knowledge and skills that can be gained and achieved from the services offered by a certain individual. The first speaker was Engr. Romeo Gamboa, and his topic was all about Safety awareness. He taught us about the benefits of having safety in our daily activities. We as an individual who makes decisions, we need to think first before doing the action in order to ensure our safety. Unsafe acts and unsafe conditions In a place can lead to an accident that can interrupt an activity, cause an individual Into an injury or death, and damage to a property. Every person needs to be concern In terms of safety awareness to have a fruitful life that is far from accident. Second speaker was Engr. Felix Vergara, and his topic was all about Operations Research. He discusses us all about operations needed In order to be an efficient ngineer and for the company to be more competitive. Different operations research approaches are needed to maximize profit and minimize cost, Innovates systems, and to solve different problems faced by a company. We as Industrial Engineers should continually think of different operations that are needed to help the company Increase Its level of competence and to take more advantage over the other company. Third speakers were from the Philippine Red Cross, their topic was all about first aid, and they taught us to be responsible In every accident that we can face. It Is ood to learn the seven principles of Red Cross; Humanity, Impartiality, Neutrality, Independence, Voluntary Movement, Unity, and Universality. These principles cover the maln objective which Is to save life of every person whom Is In vulnerable situations. It Is needed for an Individual to learn what to do In case of an accident. Every Individual should be knowledgeable and skilled In terms of glvlng first ald to save life ofa person. Overall, the seminar taught me that In every service that I lend, It Is right to make It In a proper manner. Also to gain knowledge and skills that helps me to Improve yself and to be more proflclent Industrial Engineer for the near future. By zner010021 action in order to ensure our safety. Unsafe acts and unsafe conditions in a place can lead to an accident that can interrupt an activity, cause an individual into an injury or death, and damage to a property. Every person needs to be concern in terms of Research. He discusses us all about operations needed in order to be an efficient approaches are needed to maximize profit and minimize cost, innovates systems, and increase its level of competence and to take more advantage over the other company. d, and they taught us to be responsible in every accident that we can face. It is the main objective which is to save life of every person whom is in vulnerable situations. It is needed for an individual to learn what to do in case of an accident. Every individual should be knowledgeable and skilled in terms of giving first aid to Overall, the se minar taught me that in every service that I lend, it is right to make it in a proper manner. Also to gain knowledge and skills that helps me to improve myself and to be more proficient Industrial Engineer for the near future.

Stereotyping and Profiling Based Upon Religion Essay -- Islam, Religio

Living in America we deal with a lot of diversity, especially those in the criminal justice degree program where situations caused by diversity can lead to a problem. Stereotyping is one of the biggest problems that we deal with, particularly in law enforcement. There have been many allegations of police officers accused of going after individuals and accusing them of a crime based on the sole fact of what their religious beliefs might be. This has been going on for a long time; however in recent years, it has gotten worse. The main job of police officers is to uphold the law, not to break it. Although stereotyping is not against the law, police officers have taken an oath to protect all human beings, regardless of their race or religion and stereotyping based on religion should not take place. Just because an individual is of a certain race dose not give us the right to stereotype them as a bad human being. Fred Edmund Jandt (2003), the word â€Å"stereotype† was first used to show the judgments made about individuals on the origin of their racial background. Today the expression is more commonly used to pass on to events made on the basis of a groups association. Psychologists have attempted to give explanations of stereotyping as errors that our brains make in the judgment of other people that are related to those mistakes our brains make in the view of illustration illusions. When information is blurred, the brain frequently reaches the incorrect conclusion. (p.77) Fred Edmund Jandt (2003), is the practice of racial profiling stereotyping? Profiling refers to a law enforcement carry out of scrutinizing of certain persons based on characteristics thought to classify an option of illegal activities. Example, a person traveling a... ...inar strips away cultural stereotypes. Pittsburgh Tribunei-Review. Retrieved October 30, 2008, from http://www.pittsburghlive.com////region/_529578.html Jandt, F. E. (2003, July 21). Barries to intercultural communication. In An introduction to intercultural communication (4th ed., pp. 77,79). Sage Publications, Inc. Retrieved October 28, 2008, from http://books.google.com/books?id=LyHDS--WSywC&pg=PA79&lpg=PA79&dq=a+person+traveling+alone+is+more+likely+to+engage+in+terrorist+activity&source=bl&ots=Kmn1NAlTjX&sig=7i-h54dh_2kROXAHmjgO0HJqogw&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=2&ct=result#PPA71,M1 Morgenstern, H. (n.d.). Suicide terror - fire fighters response. In Suicide terror - fire fighters response [Fact sheet]. Retrieved October 28, 2008, from http://www.nationalhomelandsecurityknowledgebase.com/Research/International_Articles/Suicide_Terror_and_FireFighters.html

Election Laws Cases Essay

1. Cayetano v. Monsod, 201 SCRA 210 FACTS: Monsod was nominated by President Aquino as Chairman of the Comelec. The Commission on Appointments confirmed the appointment despite Cayetano’s objection, based on Monsod’s alleged lack of the required qualification of 10 year law practice. Cayetano filed this certiorari and prohibition. ISSUE: Whether or not Monsod has been engaged in the practice of law for 10 years RULING: YES. The practice of law is not limited to the conduct of cases or litigation in court. It embraces the preparation of pleadings and other papers incident to actions and special proceedings, the management of such actions and proceedings on behalf of clients, and other works where the work done involves the determination of the trained legal mind of the legal effect of facts and conditions (PLA vs. Agrava.) The records of the 1986 constitutional commission show that the interpretation of the term practice of law was liberal as to consider lawyers employed in the Commission of Audit as engaged in the practice of law provided that they use their legal knowledge or talent in their respective work. The court also cited an article in the January 11, 1989 issue of the Business Star, that lawyers nowadays have their own specialized fields such as tax lawyers, prosecutors, etc., that because of the demands of their specialization, lawyers engage in other works or functions to meet them. These days, for example, most corporation lawyers are involved in management policy formulation. Therefore, Monsod, who passed the bar in 1960, worked with the World Bank Group from 1963-1970, then worked for an investment bank till 1986, became member of the CONCOM in 1986, and also became a member of the Davide Commission in 1990, can be considered to have been engaged in the practice of law as lawyer-economis t, lawyer-manager, lawyer-entrepreneur, etc. 2. 18 December 1990 G.R. No. 93867 FACTS: The petitioner is challenging the designation by the President of Associate Commissioner Yorac as Acting Chairman of the COMELEC, in place of Chariman Davide. The petitioner argues that the choice of the Acting Chairman is an internal matter to the COMELEC. It is also averred that the designation done by the President of the Philippines violates the independence of the COMELEC. ISSUE: Whether the designation done by the President of the Philippines violates Article IX-A, Section 1 of the Constitution. RULING: Article IX-A, Section 1 of the Constitution expressly describes all the Constitutional Commissions as â€Å"independent.† Although essentially executive in nature, they are not under the control of the President of the Philippines in the discharge of their respective functions. Its decisions, orders and rulings are subject only to review on certiorari by the Court as provided by the Constitution in Article IX-A, Section 7. The choice of temporary chairman in the absence of the regular chairman comes under that discretion. That discretion cannot be exercised for it, even with its consent, by the President. The designation by the President of respondent Yorac as Acting Chairman of the COMELEC is declared unconstitutiona 2. Sixto Brillantes, Jr. vs. Haydee B. Yorac[G.R. No. 93867. December 18, 1990.] FACTS: Respondent, as Associate COMELEC Chairman, was appointed by the President as Chairmanthereof, replacing former Chairman Hilario Davide; the former chairman was appointed to thefact-finding commission regarding the December 1989 Coup d etat. Petitioner moved for herremoval, stating that her appointment was contrary to Article IX-C, Section 1(2) of the 1987Constitution, where â€Å"(I)n no case shall any Member (of the Commission on Elections) beappointed or designated in a temporary or acting  capacity.†Issue: Is respondents appointment as Chairman in the case at bar unconstitutional.Ruling: Yes. Article IX-A Section 1 of the Constitution expressly provides for the independence of theConstitutional Commissions from the executive department; this means that they are governedby the Constitution itself and cannot be under the control of the Pres. 3. UNIDO VS. COMELEC In 1981, the BP proposed amendments to the 1973 Constitution. The amendments were to be placed to a plebiscite for the people’s approval. The YES vote was being advanced by KBL – Marcos’ Party. While the NO vote was being advanced by UNIDO. To ensure parity and equality, COMELEC issued Resolutions 1467-1469 w/c basically provided that there be equal opportunity, equal time and equal space on media use for campaigns for both sides. On 12 Mar 1981, Marcos campaigned for the YES vote via TV and radio from 9:30pm to 11:30pm. The same was broadcasted live by 26 TV stations and 248 radio stations nationwide. UNIDO petitioned before the COMELEC that they be granted the same opportunity as Marcos has pursuant to Res’ns 1467-69. COMELEC denied the demand. UNIDO assailed the denial as a denial of equal protection before the laws. ISSUE: Whether or not UNIDO was denied equal protection by virtue of COMELEC’s denial of their request. HELD: The SC ruled that UNIDO was not denied due process nor were they not afforded equal protection. It is the considered view of the SC that when Marcos conducted his ‘pulong-pulong’ or consultation with the people on March 12, 1981, he did so in his capacity as President/Prime Minister of the Philippines and not as the head of any political party. Under the Constitution, the ‘Prime Minister and the Cabinet shall be responsible . . . for the program of government and shall determine the guidelines of national policy’. In instances where the head of state is at the same time the president of the political party that is in power, it does not necessarily follow that he speaks with two voices when he dialogues with the governed. The president is accorded certain privileges that the opposition may not have. Further, the SC cannot compel TV stations and radio stations to give UNIDO free air time as they are not party to this case. UNIDO must sought contract with these TV stations and radio stations at their own expense. 4. SANIDAD vs. COMELEC 181 SCRA 529 Facts: On 23 October 1989, RA 6766 (Act providing for an organic act for the Cordillera Autonomous Region) was enacted into law. The plebiscite was scheduled 30 January 1990. The Comelec, by virtue of the power vested by the 1987 Constitution, the Omnibus Election Code (BP 881), RA 6766 and other pertinent election laws, promulgated Resolution 2167, to govern the conduct of the plebiscite on the said Organic Act for theCordillera Autonomous Region. Pablito V. Sanidad, a newspaper columnist of â€Å"Overview† for the â€Å"Baguio Midland Courier† assailed the constitutionality of Section 19 (Prohibition on columnists, commentators or announcers) of the said resolution, which provides â€Å"During the plebiscite campaign period, on the day before and on plebiscite day, no mass media columnist, commentator, announcer or personality shall use his column or radio or television time to campaign for or against the plebiscite issues.† Issue: Whether columnists are prohibited from expressing their opinions, or should be under Comelec regulation, during plebiscite periods. Held: Article IX-C of the 1987 Constitution that what was granted to the Comelec was the power to supervise and regulate the use and enjoyment of franchises, permits or other grants issued for the operation of transportation or other public utilities, media of communication or information to the end that equal opportunity, time and space, and the right to reply, including reasonable, equal rates therefor, for public information campaigns and forums among candidates are ensured. Neither Article IX-C of the Constitution nor Section 11-b, 2nd paragraph of RA 6646 (â€Å"a columnist, commentator, announcer or personality, who is a candidate for any elective office is required to take a leave of absence from his work during the campaign period†) can be construed to mean that the Comelec has also been granted the right to supervise and regulate the exercise by media practitioners themselves of their right to expression during plebiscite periods. Media practitioners exercising their free SANIDAD vs. COMELEC 5. LAZATIN VS. COMELEC Lazatin filed the instant petition assailing the jurisdiction of the COMELEC to annul his proclamation after he had taken his oath of office, assumed office, and discharged the duties of Congressman of the 1st District of Pampanga. Lazatin claims that the House of Representatives Electoral Tribunal and not the COMELEC is the sole judge of all election contests. Buan, Jr., and Timbol (Lazatin’s opposition), alleged that the instant petition has become moot and academic because the assailed COMELEC Resolution had already become final and executory when the SC issued a TRO on October 6, 1987. In the COMMENT of the Sol-Gen, he alleges that the instant petition should be given due course because the proclamation was valid. The Telex Order issued by the COMELEC directing the canvassing board to proclaim the winner if warranted under Section 245 of the Omnibus Election Code,† was in effect a grant of authority by the COMELEC to the canvassing board, to proclaim the winner. A Separate Comment was filed by the COMELEC, alleging that the proclamation of Lazatin was illegal and void because the board simply corrected the returns contested by Lazatin without waiting for the final resolutions of the petitions of candidates Timbol, Buan, Jr., and Lazatin himself, against certain election returns. ISSUE: Whether or not the issue should be placed under the HRET’s jurisdiction. HELD: The SC in a Resolution dated November 17, 1987 resolved to give due course to the petition. The petition is impressed with merit because petitioner has been proclaimed winner of the Congressional elections in the first district of Pampanga, has taken his oath of office as such, and assumed his duties as Congressman. For this Court to take cognizance of the electoral protest against him would be to usurp the functions of the House Electoral Tribunal. The alleged invalidity of the proclamation(which had been previously ordered by the COMELEC itself) despite alleged irregularities in connection therewith, and despite the pendency of the protests of the rival candidates, is a matter that is also addressed, considering the premises, to the sound judgment of the Electoral Tribunal. 6. JAVIER VS. COMELEC [144 SCRA 194; G.R. NOS. L-68379-81; 22 SEPT 1986] Facts: The petitioner and the private respondent were candidates in Antique for the Batasang Pambansa in the May 1984 elections. The former appeared to enjoy more popular support but the latter had the advantage of being the nominee of the KBL with all its perquisites of power. On May 13, 1984, the eve of the elections, the bitter contest between the two came to a head when several followers of the petitioner were ambushed and killed, allegedly by the latter’s men. Seven suspects, including respondent Pacificador, are now facing trial for these murders. Owing to what he claimed were attempts to railroad the private respondent’s proclamation, the petitioner went to the Commission on Elections to question the canvass of the election returns. His complaints were dismissed and the private respondent was proclaimed winner by the Second Division of the said body. The petitioner thereupon came to this Court, arguing that the proclamation was void because made only by a division and not by the Commission on Elections en banc as required by the Constitution. Meanwhile, on the strength of his proclamation, the private respondent took his oath as a member of the Batasang Pambansa. Issue: Whether or Not the Second Division of the Commission on Elections authorized to promulgate its decision of July 23, 1984, proclaiming the private respondent the winner in the election. Held: This Court has repeatedly and consistently demanded â€Å"the cold neutrality of an impartial judge† as the indispensable imperative of due process. To bolster that requirement, we have held that the judge must not only be impartial but must also appear to be impartial as an added assurance to the parties that his decision will be just. The litigants are entitled to no less than that. They should be sure that when their rights are violated they can go to a judge who shall give them justice. They must trust the judge, otherwise they will not go to him at all. They must believe in his sense of fairness, otherwise they will not seek his judgment. Without such confidence, there would be no point in invoking his action for the justice they expect. Due process is intended to insure that confidence by requiring compliance with what Justice Frankfurter calls the rudiments of fair play. Fair play cans for equal justice. There cannot be equal justice where a suitor approaches a court already committed to the other party and with a judgment  already made and waiting only to be formalized after the litigants shall have undergone the charade of a formal hearing. Judicial (and also extra-judicial) proceedings are not orchestrated plays in which the parties are supposed to make the motions and reach the denouement according to a prepared script. There is no writer to foreordain the ending. The judge will reach his conclusions only after all the evidence is in and all the arguments are filed, on the basis of the established facts and the pertinent law.

Nothing Impossible

Management Introduction Review of Management Articles Article assigned ANALYSING the thinking of F. W. Taylor using cognitive mapping Introduction Scientific management is one of the three major branches within the classical approach to management. Although the concept was suggested approximately a century ago, it still makes a significantly important role in 21st century management with new conditions and a considerable number of challenges. Frederick Winslow Taylor who was regarded as the father of scientific management suggested his concepts in 1911.Scientific management is defined as a theory that emphasises careful selection and training of workers, and supervisory support (Taylor, 1911). Taylor (1911) believed that precise procedures that were developed after careful study of an individual at work should replace the tradition on decision-making. The purpose of this essay is to review three articles that analyses the Taylorism and present how Taylorism is applied in current mana gement sphere. Analysis of Assigned Article Cossette, P. 2002. Analysing the thinking of F.W. Taylor using cognitive mapping. Management Decision, 40 (2): 168-182 The author of this article used the cognitive map and the Decision Explorer to present and analyse the thinking of F. W. Taylor to produce a more in-depth and detailed knowledge and understanding of his ideas. Cossette (2002) demonstrated that the two key variables in Taylor’s scientific management were â€Å"Maintenance of a rapid pace†¦Loafing or soldiering† and â€Å"Harmonious relations between employers and men aware of their mutual interests†.As Taylor’s scientific management related to efficiency, the first concept that the author highlighted had completely reflected the Taylorism. Cossette (2002) concluded that â€Å"the maintenance of a rapid pace† was the most important concept for Taylor, since it was also by far the most important â€Å"consequence† of the cognitiv e map. Taylor’s scientific management was always considered as the division of labour pushed to its logical extreme, with a consequent de-skilling of the worker and dehumanisation of the workplace (Kanigel, 1999).However, the author showed another aspect of Taylor’s idea which was related to harmony. In cognitive map, the concept of â€Å"Harmonious relations between employers and men aware of their mutual interests† had the second largest number of direct links and the third centrality score compared to other concepts (Cossette, 2002). In addition, Cossette (2002) stated that â€Å"the prior conditions required to improve production and the results of this improvement for both employees and employers, are the two main dimensions that Taylor appears to use as a basis for his conception of the organization of work. Although a small number of concepts from Taylorism were less relevant, they suggested that Taylor’s thinking was not significantly complicated . This article helped us have a better understanding of the ideas of F. W. Taylor, demonstrated the relative importance of the concepts suggested by Taylor and revealed another side of Taylorism. Analysis of Article 1 Wrege, C. D. & Hodgetts, R. M. 2000. Frederick W. Taylor’s 1899 pig iron observations: Examining fact, fiction and lessons for the new millennium.Academy of Management Journal, 43 (6): 1283-1291 However, the authors of this article were in dispute with Taylor in a particular circumstance. Wrege & Hodgetts (2000) stated that Taylor simplified the observation by presenting only some of the information and, he omitted many significant facts. The insight thinking of the authors was that contemporary organisation should apply new tools and techniques to achieve their objectives, and managers should increasingly concentrate on data collection and analysis and fight the tendency to accept anecdotes and hearsay as accurate (Wrege & Hodgetts, 2000).The authors studied an d analysed the case called pig iron observation, which came from Taylor’s scientific management principle, and concluded that although Taylor had made a great contribution to management history, he did neglect some significant real facts in this case such as failure to take the cost of damaging gondolas into account.In addition, the authors suggested five points that we could learn from this observation, which are â€Å"anecdotal data are often erroneous, primary sources must be consulted, all data have inconsistencies, replication is hallmark of good science and digital archiving is now critical† (Wrege & Hodgetts, 2000). Moreover, the authors had concluded some suggestions that are valuable for the managers in new millennium. Wrege & Hodgetts (2000) demonstrated that researchers’ being more systematic and sophisticated was important in their approach to chieving their goals, and that â€Å"benchmarking† was going to be a critical activity in the 21st ce ntury. This article revealed the limitation of Taylor’s scientific management, and the authors of this article recommended a considerable number of approaches and methods to help today’s managers reach their objectives successfully and efficiently. Analysis of Article 2 Boyns, T. 2001. Hans and Charles Renold: entrepreneurs in the introduction of scientific management techniques in Britain.Management Decision, 39 (9): 719-728 The author of this article used the case study of Hans Renold Ltd to extend Taylor’s scientific management theory, and explained how it was applied in this enterprise during the first and second decades of the twentieth century. The core ideals of the author were to confirm the contribution that Hans and Charles Renold made to introduce and develop scientific management in Britain, and distinguish the different methodology between Hans and Charles. It has been accepted that Hans Renold Ltd has been the first company to introduce Taylor†™s scientific management in Britain (Boyns, 2001).Hans Renold â€Å"probably was the first British industrialist to appreciate the work of F. W. Taylor and adapt it to British management practice† (Urwick, 1956). He started to change the organisational structure and introduced a new functional organisation supported by a system of committees in 1908 (Boyns, 2001). Although there were some problems arising such as little resistance from the bulk of the workforce, scientific management principles were eventual successfully adopted at Hans Renold Ltd eventually (Boyns, 2001).The author of this article introduced the first application of Taylor’s scientific management in Britain and emphasized the fundamental position of scientific management in management history as it has already been applied for a century and it still plays a significantly important role in increasing the efficiency in the organisations in the 21st century. Application to Current Management Practice A round the Twentieth Century, Taylor’s scientific management theory had been widely used in the manufacturing and services industries.In the 21st century, scientific management does play an important role, and it is applied in several modern organizations. McDonalds is the world’s most famous brands, which is leading in the globally branded quick service restaurant applied the scientific management successfully in their business operations. Initially, Taylor (1911) stated that wage systems without incentive result in low productivity if no matter how much is produced the employee will gain the same pay. McDonalds stimulates employees in many effective ways.Regardless of the base pay, McDonalds develops competitive wage and promotion programs, hard work, motivation and results are recorded and rewarded at McDonalds (McDonalds, 2006). In addition, McDonalds also establishes great incentive programs in which employees have an access to gift and free food (McDonalds, 2006). McDonalds also offers an incentive pay system and provide the opportunity to earn competitive total compensation for employees when they successfully achieve the goals (McDonalds, 2006).Moreover, Long-term incentives are ensured to employees who are qualified to both reward and long-term creation at McDonalds (McDonalds 2006). Secondly, one of the most important principles of Scientific Management is scientifical training. Taylor (1911) suggested that each company should train the workers scientifically rather than passively leave them to train themselves. McDonalds has a strong belief in training, and training becomes a tradition at McDonalds, because they know its value to the bottom line of their business.Everyone in the business should attend a significantly important training, whether part, full time, hourly paid staff or salaried managers undergoing their compulsory restaurant training (McDonalds 2006). When a new employee joins McDonalds and starts his first working day, he will accept training at once. McDonalds even set up a Hamburger University, and the purpose of this action is to provide all McDonalds Corporation and Franchisees employees with training exclusively in various aspects of the business (McDonalds 2006). Those training systems make their staff more efficient and professional.Finally, Taylor (1911) taught that the only one method of work that maximized efficiency was to develop a standard method of performing each job efficiently by companies. McDonalds builds up a series of detailed and strict working standards, which guarantee that every product from any chain restaurant has high quality (McDonalds 2006). Moreover, McDonalds staff is specialized in different production procedure (McDonalds 2006). McDonalds has developed a standard method of performing each job and the employees can perform efficiently. ConclusionIn conclusion, the authors of the above three articles explained the Taylorism precisely and explicitly. The core thinking o f Taylor’s scientific management was efficiency particularly was speed, and it is widely applied in most modern organizations such as McDonalds to help increase the productivity. Although Taylor’s scientific management has some limitation as sometimes managers could overlook to collect important data by relying on it excessively, it still made an important contribution to the business world in the 21st century.Taylor laid the foundation of management, and with the application of scientific management, production efficiency has improved. Much of core of Scientific Management remains with us today, only been modified, updated and given a human face (Freeman, 1996). Term Paper on Functions of Management Eritrea Education Sector Development Program – Program Management Unit ESDP-PMU Management Functions 1. Introduction: Management is defined as the process of getting activities completed efficiently and effectively with and through other people . It encompasses an a rray of functions with which it accomplishes different tasks done successfully.These functions include planning, staffing, organizing, directing, and controlling. The Eritrea Education Sector Development Program – Program Management Unit, abbreviated as ESDP-PMU, is an institution destined to accomplish education sector program objectives that have to be viewed in terms of the government policy to boost the education sector in all aspects. Through the educational sector intervention, ESDP-PMU works to ensure increase in access, improve quality, boost capacities in all levels of the sector, and ensure equity in delivery education services.This paper explores the management functions in the ESDP, highlights strengths and weaknesses in view of the theoretical aspect of management function. Finally, it highlights some few salient points that are worth mentioning and by way of recommendations it tries to shed lights on issues that need improvement. 2. Overview of the management fu nctions: Henry Fayol defines management as a science of forecasting, planning, organizing, commanding, coordinating, and controlling. The most commonly cited management functions are planning, staffing, organizing, directing, and controlling.Planning refers to the base of the other management functions. It is the management of the organizations’ future in an uncertain environment . Plans can be strategic, tactical, and operational. They can also be long-term or short-term. Plan should be built on specific, attainable, and challenging objectives. In the materials for the management course of SMAP it is mentioned that planning is important in that it offsets uncertainty and change, focuses attention on objectives, helps in coordination, gains economy of operation, helps in control, and increases organizational effectiveness.In that sense it divides plans to standing and single-use plans. Organizing refers to the organization of resources in an organization. Such organization ca n be charted on an organizational chart . Through this function management tries to determine the inside directorial configuration, establish and maintain relationships, and also assign required resources of the organization. Staffing functions follows the organizing function of management. Staffing refers to the filling and keeping filled positions on positions created by the preceding organizing function .Thus, staffing encompasses tasks such as recruitment, selection, training and retraining of employees. Directing refers to the control and supervision of the actions of the staff, thus, enables them to achieve the company’s goals and also accomplishing their personal or career goals which can be powered motivation, communication, department dynamics, and department leadership . Controlling refers to activities related to setting performance standards based on the objectives of the organization, measuring and reporting actual performance, comparing the two, and taking corre ctive or preventive action as necessary.As management is a creative problem solving , the coordination of the various functions mentioned above contribute to an efficient and effective accomplishment of tasks. The section below review the management functions in the ESDP-PMU. 3. Review of the management functions in the ESDP-PMU: The ESDP-PMU is destined to accomplish education related projects. These projects are financed through the proceeds coming from International organizations such as the World Bank, African Development Bank, European Union, as well as other UN bodies such as UNICEF and UNFPA.Each financier or development partner requires the need to follow ones procedures. The other dimension of the matter that needs attention is that each financier or development partner is set up to achieve each project objectives. Thus, there are kind of awkwardness in reaching a harmonized program objectives. Planning function in the PMU The PMU believes that proper planning is a prerequi site to success. It is concerned with the future impact of today’s decisions. In the PMU there is a section that deals with planning issues.It prepares tactical and operational planning in view of the project objectives. The planning that is made part of the Financing Agreements with the respective development partner can be taken as a strategic one. The Planning Section of the PMU prepares an Annual Work Plan and Budget (AWPB). On the basis of which, the procurement section derives its procurement plan, and the finance section derives its financial and disbursement plan. Therefore, we can see the following relationship in the planning function of the PMU. Graph 1.Planning function relationship From the foregoing planning relations graph, we can observe that all the activities envisaged to be done in a year or a year and half through the plans of the respective sections. Overall, all these plans reflect the scenarios â€Å"where we are now? †, â€Å"where do we want t o be? †, and â€Å"how do we get there? †. It is good also to note that the submission of plans and seeking approvals is mandatory. This procedure is deemed appropriate and practically does positively affect the projects. Organizing function in the PMUTo the PMU organizing function refers to establishing the internal organizational structure of the business. The focus is on division, coordination, and control of tasks and the flow of information within the organization. It is through this function that the manager distributes responsibility and authority to employees. The organizational structure of the PMU is shown below. It takes into consideration the objectives and tactics already identified in the planning stage. The structure decides the division of labor, delegation of authority, departmentation, span of control nd coordination issues. When we come to the division of labor, the PMU is divided into 5 sections, viz. , Planning, Monitoring, and Evaluation (PM&E), Pr ocurement, Finance, Engineering, and Administration sections. And all the employees are recruited in such a way that they are fully occupied. In regards to the delegation of authority, as reflected in the organizational structure, the authority is exercised as per the stipulated structure. The sections coordinate their work so as to achieve the objectives. This means that no section can stand alone.Staffing function in the PMU Staffing encompasses the tasks of recruiting, hiring, training, lay-off, and compensation of employees. The PMU recruits its staff with due regards to the management and labor needs. In so doing, it prepares job description, builds a pool of applicants, review the applications and select those to be interviewed, do the interview, check references, and select the best suited candidate and hire him. The PMU provides training to its staff in view of the timely job related developments and requirements.For instance, the staffs are made to be actively involved in t he endeavors to upgrade themselves. Similarly, the PMU lays off its staff in view of staff’s reflections of incapacities in doing the tasks or showing other behaviors that are believed against the norms of the organization. It is the right of the employees to receive the needed compensation related with the job they undertook during their stay in the PMU. Directing function in the PMU Directing is influencing people's behavior through motivation, communication, group dynamics, leadership and discipline.The purpose of directing is to channel the behavior of all personnel to accomplish the organization's mission and objectives while simultaneously helping them accomplish their own career objectives. Highly motivated people perform better than unmotivated people. Motivation covers up ability and skill deficiencies in employees. The PMU gives motivation top priority. Employees are motivated through the material, financial, as well as work environment privileges. This is very impo rtant aspect that expedites the realizations of the objectives.Besides, the communication issues are very important as part of the directing function of management in the PMU. The staffs are careful enough in their communicative efforts such as with the financiers, partners, suppliers etc. The staffs are appraised for what they do, and disciplinary measures are taken for incidents of misbehaviors. Controlling function of the PMU Controlling in the PMU is done in view of the performance standards (indicators) set in each financing agreement back before the start of the implementation of projects.The Planning, Monitoring, and Evaluation Section of the PMU take care of such tasks as monitoring activities and evaluating against standards. The Planning, Monitoring, and Evaluation Section undertake routine or surprise checks of activities. At the mid term and final term of projects, they also conduct evaluations. In so doing, the section seeks preventive and corrective measures such as th e incorporation of new mechanisms of implementations. The controlling function is done in all aspects of the program, such as controlling assets owned by the office, control on the staff in terms of their work hours. . General Observations in the PMU The PMU is known for its staff that is aware of the virtues out of team working, learning by doing, and complementarities. These attributes are very important for the management function to achieve effectiveness and efficiency in the tasks that are destined to accomplish. Most of the staff members are young professionals that they can learn easily from experiences of others, and that they possess the merit to catch up things through continuous reading. The team work in the PMU has assisted the effective accomplishments of activities as scheduled.Synergism is common place, and supporting one another is highly worked upon. 5. Recommendations From the foregoing we can understand that the PMU fully undertaking management functions. In order to cement the positive sides of what is going on in the PMU, I recommend the following points: †¢ that the various projects need to be harmonized †¢ that the staffing function be done in view of the experiences already nurtured. This means the job description in trying to hire staff has to be used in such a way that team work is given greater weight. that more training need to be provided to the staff †¢ that the young professionals be retained as a team in order to pursue the implementation of similar projects in other sectors such as agriculture, etc 6. Conclusion Efficiency and effectiveness are key words related to the realization of plans. The realization of this is the task of management. Management does these through the coordination of its functions. These functions are planning, organizing, staffing, directing, and controlling.The PMU is reputed for pursuing a management style that assists in the realizations of set objectives effectively and efficiently. Al l management functions are employed in the PMU, and thus the fruits of these concerted efforts are tangibly realized. 7. Works cited Website http://choo. fis. utoronto. ca/fis/courses/lis1230/lis1230sharma/plan1. htm http://www. ag. ohio-state. edu/~mgtexcel/Function. html http://www. ag. ohio-state. edu/~mgtexcel/Staffing. html http://www. buzzle. com/articles/management-concepts-the-four-functions-of-management. tml http://choo. fis. utoronto. ca/fis/courses/lis1230/lis1230sharma/history4. htm Kiflemariam Abraham, Reading on Principles of Management. March 2007 Management Term Paper * * Help Desk Operations for the Operating Forces Wilfredo Santiago Park University Author Note This is an insider view on how to streamline and improve the services provided by MCTSSA (Marine Corps Tactical Systems Support Activity) Help Desk to the Operating Forces. Abstract MCTSSA Help Desk was established over 10 years ago to provide technical support to the operating forces.Today the Help Desk is referred to as OFTSSC (Operating Forces Tactical Systems Support Center) with a specific mission stated as: to provide continuous, distributed technical support, troubleshooting, and problem resolution for Command, Control, Communications, Computers and Intelligence (C4I) systems, in order to optimize those systems as force multipliers in assisting Marines to win battles. While the OFTSSC focuses on the needs of the Marine Corps, it offers technical assistance to all C4I system users across the entire Department of Defense (DoD), U. S. Government and all U.S. Foreign National Allies. The OFTSSC provides its customers with remote technical assistance by facilitating online access to supported system documentation, system software and offering live interaction with system subject matter experts (SMEs), via phone, online chat, and email. If a solution to a customer problem is not immediately available, OFTSSC personnel will actively work to obtain a solution by elevating customer issue s to MCTSSA support engineers, system vendors, Marine Corps Systems Command program managers or other commercial or DoD customer support agencies.Help Desk Operations for the Operating Forces The OFTSSC from the start operated in an ad-hoc manner maintaining its mission capability with a support staff composed of contractors and civilian government analysts and a limited number of uniformed personnel. This odd mix of employees with identical goals as a mission end state has presented a management challenge that has hampered efficiency and responsiveness in providing the services as defined in the stated mission. This paper will address three persistent problems that exist within OFTSSC.First, the lack of a verifiable control measure to gauge analyst productivity and quantified work output. Staffing is also a source of issues that continue to impact OFTSSC’s ability to maintain its credibility as a reliable source of SME (Subject Matter Experts) and it has a continuing difficu lty at retaining well trained employees to stick around. In fulfilling its function as a help-desk/support center for the operating forces, employees routinely receive calls from customers describing problems they encounter when employing tactical systems whether in garrison or on deployment.These calls are inducted into a database repository, Remedy. Here the adequacy of Remedy in providing as an output control comes into question. Although Remedy is widely used in the help desk community it is a system that requires a lot of labor intensive modifications to get take advantage of its capabilities as a help desk database tool. Currently, Remedy is employed as an out of the box software with limited modifications. Remedy can be modified as an output control tool that will enable management to effectively monitor employee productivity and efficiency.By design Remedy not only archives problems customers refer for solutions it also is a repository of all solutions created by analysts wh ich is then made available for future use or reference as a knowledge based article (KBA). As calls are received from customers analysts input all data related to problems being referred for assistance into Remedy. The information will include system type and nature of the problem and complete customer information. All these information is populated onto a standard template. The analyst then proceeds to research the KBA archives by using a key word search related to the problem.If a solution match is found this is provided to the customer and the problem is marked resolved and archived. The utility of the Remedy database is not fully exploited as any type of record created is only available only thru accessed. With all these information available within a central repository it should be made available for for all analysts at a glance providing a snapshot of the problem, the status, whether pending, resolved or in progress. This should be displayed on a large monitor for all to see. With this information on display all analysts will have current status of all problems available at a glance.At a minimum this should display two weeks worth of activity. This display will serve as visible output control measure to gauge analyst activity and productivity. This quantifiable and measurable display of work output can be used as an objective measure of performance and used as a basis for compensation rewards. For the analyst this will also serve as a current constant visible reminder of work that is pending, in progress or completed. Today the mix of employee analysts within OFTSSC has a variety of skill sets whose qualifications for the jobs are based on their past work experience with a particular system.This has been a detriment to OFTSSC’s ability to provide reliable analysts consistently without periodic unavailability due to SME absence. This is a cause for concern because of its impact on the service reputation that is expected by the customers – av ailability among others. To fill this requirement gap it is imperative that the depth of analyst skill sets be enhanced. There are thirty analysts currently employed supporting over forty varying systems which include a variety of tactical radios. The systems are grouped into Command and Control (C2) or Tactical Applications (TacApps) with tactical radios included into TacApps.This grouping is done for purposes of limited management and tasking deconfliction. Personnel tasking however blurs the lines of personnel assignments as analysts are often randomly assigned to provide assistance on systems that he or she is not officially assigned. The practice has in many situations caused unexpected disruptions in service quality. Because too often analysts assigned to tasks do not possess the subject matter expertise to provide support requested. To mitigate this situation a training program that will involved cross training all analysts need to be instituted within OFTSSC.Staffing has to be reviewed and a reorganization of the analyst teams will have to be done in a manner that permits a well defined tasking of all analysts based on skill sets and grouping them based on previous assignments. Within each grouping a program of OJT (On the Job Training) will be initiated by pairing each analyst together and each one go thru a training program designed to increase their depth of skill and familiarity with systems other than those they are qualified on as an expert. During the training period ample opportunity will be dedicated to having the trainer and trainee to conduct business as a team.This process will be akin to a mentoring process that facilitates the transfer of knowledge and skill that will improve the services provided to customers. Reorganization and staffing once completed will result in a reliable and available analyst well trained on the system supported. The improved skill sets will require to be maintained if the quality of service is to be credible, thi s can be achieved with a programmed sustainment training that should include in-service training and follow-on continuing education to keep current with the dynamic nature of technology.Summary The operation of a support center such as OFTSSC is unique in that its main customer is the operating thus the focus of its services are the uniformed personnel who maybe in harm’s way, because of this it is critical that the quality and accuracy of service and information provide require a level of expertise that is above the norm. Analysts are assumed to be the experts on the systems they support therefore it is imperative that their training and quality of service measure up to the standards.If the service provided is to have any value or credibility the provider must have the requisite knowledge and training to be consistent with the required standards. At the onset staffing should focus on critical skill sets that are vital to the operational demands of the customers and they shou ld sustain the currency of those skills. In order to maintain and improve the depth of knowledge and skill sets training is essential and once established sustainment will be required.Hiring standard is another area that will have to be visited to ensure that standards are maintained and qualified personnel are selected. This will preclude the impact of substandard services to the customer. References -3 points for not utilizing MG352 text to support term paper. 1. Operations Chief: OFTSSC Standard Operating Procedures, 2010 2. The Information Technology Infrastructure Library (ITIL) version 3, 2011 3. http://www. bmc. com/solutions/itsm/it-service-management. tml -3 points for improper citing of reference; below is how article from the Internet should be cited Author (2012, May 15). Name of Article, Date retrieved from the internet & http://www. link. com 4. http://www. marines. mil/unit/marcorsyscom/mctssa/Pages/OFTSSC. aspx -3 points for improper citing of reference; below is how article from the Internet should be cited Author (2012, May 15). Name of Article, Date retrieved from the internet & http://www. link. com

Reality vs appearance in Richard III Essay Example

Reality vs appearance in Richard III Essay Example Reality vs appearance in Richard III Paper Reality vs appearance in Richard III Paper In the play ‘Richard IIII’, Shakespeare shows instances of outward appearances masking inward reality throughout the play. Shakespeare has effectively intertwined the two elements appearance and reality to give the audience a different view and more information than the characters are aware of in the play. The audience can anticipate events that may follow creating dramatic tension. This theme is represented by Richard, however Richards’s right hand man ‘Buckingham’ also plays a major part in it, ‘’My other self, my counsel’s consistory, my oracle, my prophet!’’ The difference between appearance and reality first shows up when Richard admits to not only himself, but to the audience, that he is a villain, â€Å"As I am subtle, false and treacherous†. By admitting to himself that he, Richard, is a villain, he reveals reality, as he has no motive to lie or deceive himself. In this soliloquy, Richard’s motive is not to deceive any other character, but rather to take a step back from his deceptions and to give the audience a glimmer of reality instead of the cloak he feeds to the other characters. This is one of the few times that Richard exposes himself as what he truly is, a villain, of deception and fraud, ‘’I am determined to prove a villain†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Moreover this theme is also revealed in act three through Buckingham, ‘’we know each other’s faces. For our hearts, He knows no more of mine than I of yours†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢. This line gives dramatic force to the theme, the ability to judge a person correctly by external signs. Buckingham says he knows Richard’s outward appearance or faces but not his inward thoughts or heart. In sharp contrast, Hastings claims a close relationship with Richard and assumes that Richard will willingly accept his view as his own. Through Shakespeare’s dramatic irony which creates tension and keeps the audience drawn in suspense, Hastings continues to assume mistakenly that ‘faces’ equal ‘hearts’. He claims that Richard is unable to conceal his feelings and intensions ‘’I think there’s never a man in Christendom can lesser hide his love or hate, than he’’. In ‘Richard III’, Shakespeare uses the difference between appearance and reality to show that one may be so clever like Richard yet it is so difficult to maintain his front. At the end, the truth will finally come out and the consequences are shown to be tragic. Shakespeare has made Richard into such a realistic character for other characters in the play. For them, when reality is revealed it is too late.